- Infertility is a temporary disturbance in reproductive function wherein the animal cannot become pregnant. Normally an animal with a healthy reproductive function should calve every 12-14 months.
 - Infertility causes economic losses to the farmers due to delay in maturity, calving and milk production. The farmer also incurs losses by maintaining an unproductive animal.
 - Infertility may be due to various reasons like: (i) Diseases of genital organs (ii) Infectious diseases (iii) Physiological causes like absence of heat, repeat breeding, silent heat, cystic ovary (iv) Anatomical causes (v) Faulty AI technique.
 
MANAGEMENT OF INFERTILITY
- Inseminate at appropriate time of the heat. (See chapter on heat detection)
 - Repeat AI may be required in cases of prolonged heat for conception to occur.
 - Close observation is required to detect silent heat, especially in buffaloes.
 - Provide proper nutrition right from birth of the animal.
 - Provide adequate quantities of mineral mixture.
 - Reduce heat stress on the animal by providing clean drinking water at all times and adequate shade or cooling systems.
 - Ascertain whether the personnel providing AI services is adequately qualified.
 - Consult a veterinarian if a regularly cycling animal has not conceived even after 3 inseminations to identify the problem. Repeated inseminations may cause permanent damage to the reproductive organs.
 - Animals with anatomical conditions may not conceive.
 - Infection/diseases of reproductive tract also may lead to infertility. Consult a veterinarian for proper advice and treatment.
 
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR CONCEPTION DURING A NORMAL HEAT CYCLE
- Only timely heat detection is in the hands of the farmer.
 - Proper handling of semen, proper time of insemination, proper AI technique and site of deposition of semen are in the hands of trained personnel (vets or AI technicians).
 - It is therefore very important to ensure that AI is being done only by trained personnel to avoid complications or problems later on.
 - A healthy cross bred heifer should come into heat by 18 months or earlier.
 - Buffaloes and local breeds may take more time to mature ( around 24 months).
 
Manage infertility-ensure conception
